add to favorites contacts sitemap
REPAIR MAINTENANCE OPERATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES
Hyundai Getz (2002 release)

general info. full specifications. diagnostics. hints. tips. tricks
Hyundai Getz
Home
 
Hyundai
Getz
Operation and Maintenance
Engine
Technical specifications Engine
Technical specifications Engine
Specifications Engine displacement of 1.5 and 1.6 liters
Specifications Engine displacement of 1.5 and 1.6 liters
Technical specifications of cars with engine capacity of 1.1; 13; 1.5 and 1.6 liters
The engines working volume of 1,1 and 1,3 l
The technical condition of the engine
General comments on the repair of engines
Removal and installation of the power unit
The general sequence of disassembly of the engine
Running the engine after repair
Checking the engine on the car after repair
Cylinder block
The connecting rod-piston group
The crankshaft and flywheel
Cylinder Head
The camshaft and its drive
Cooling system
Lubrication system
Power system
Exhaust
Possible engine malfunction, their causes and remedies
Malfunctions of hydraulic valve lifters
Malfunction of the fuel system and their solutions
Transmission
Chassis
Steering
Brakes
Electrical
Body
diagrams
 


Hit Counter by Digits


print page printable version

Cylinder Head



Device features
The cylinder head is cast from an aluminum alloy, cast iron has a molded seat and the valve guides. The upper part of the sleeves is sealed by rubber valve stem seals.
The spare parts are supplied guides with an increased outer diameter.
In the upper part of the cylinder head positioned under the necks of the support shaft. Supports split: the top half is in the bearing housing, the lower - in the cylinder head. The holes in the supports processed assembled with bearing housings, so they are not interchangeable, and the cylinder head can be replaced only in assembly with the housing.

The mechanism of the valve
The valves are actuated by the cams of the camshaft via rocker on the engine displacement of 1.1 liters, the rest are cams valve engine camshaft via hydraulic tappets. Adjusting the clearances in the valve mechanism with hydraulic tappets carried out when the engine automatically.
Adjusting the clearances in the valve mechanism (only engine capacity of 1.1 liters)
Gap adjusting mechanism of the valve is carried out when the engine automatically. Additional adjustment of backlashes in the mechanism of the valve during the operation of the vehicle is provided only for engines working volume of 1.1 liters.
Warm up the engine.
Remove the cylinder head cover.

Mounting index TDC 1st cylinder
Fig. 2.7. Mounting index TDC 1st cylinder


Rotate the crankshaft in the direction of rotation (clockwise when viewed from the front end of the engine), set the piston of 1st cylinder in position TDC (Fig. 2.7). In this position, to adjust the valve clearance in the following cylinders.

Cylinder number
1
2
3
4
The intake valves
+
+


The exhaust valves
+

+


Insert the probe between the end of the adjustment screw of the rocker and the valve stem end. Adjust the clearance and tighten the lock nut screw.
Turn the crankshaft one turn in the direction of rotation (clockwise when viewed from the front end of the engine) to the position TDC of the piston of 4th cylinder. Inserting the probe between the ends of the adjusting screws rocker and valve stem ends, adjust the valve clearance in the following cylinders.

Cylinder number
1
2
3
4
The intake valves
+


+
The exhaust valves
+
+
+
+


Adjusting the gap between the end of the adjustment screw of the rocker and the end of the valve stem
Fig. 2.8. Adjusting the gap between the end of the adjustment screw of the rocker and the end of the valve stem


Adjusting the gap between the end of the adjustment screw of the rocker and the valve stem end is shown in Fig. 2.8.

Tighten the lock nut of the adjusting screw
Fig. 2.9. Tighten the lock nut of the adjusting screw


After adjustment, tighten the lock nuts of the adjusting screws (Fig. 2.9). Adjust the gap (Table 2.2.) Is carried out at the position of the piston of 4th cylinder in TDC.

Table 2.2
Gaps in the valve operating mechanism
The temperature of the engine
Gap
inlet
valves
graduation
valves
On a warm engine (nominal)
0.2
0.25
On the cold engine (for reference)
0.1
0.17

Hydraulic valve lifters

NOTE
The noise in the timing when the engine is started - a normal phenomenon. With the engine off, depending on the position of the cams of each pusher is displaced a different (more or less) amount of oil. This gives rise to a noise as long as the hydraulic tappets while the engine is not filled with oil. This process can last up until the engine reaches operating temperature. To ensure correct operation of the hydraulic tappets in the cylinder head oil damper is provided which prevents the complete emptying of the oil passage in the cylinder head to the engine is not running.

A WARNING
In the event of a knock pushers when the engine does not allow to increase the engine speed up to 3000 min-1 or more, as this may cause damage to the pushers.

Checking the hydraulic valve lifters

A WARNING
Hydraulic valve lifters need to check if there are knock timing and noise after the engine operating temperature.

Warm up the engine and let it idle until the radiator fan.
Increase the engine speed to 2500 min-1 for about 2 minutes.
If hydraulic valve lifters continue to make noise, stop the engine and remove the cylinder head cover.

A WARNING
Do not rotate the crankshaft bolt for the camshaft sprocket, as this is reloaded timing belt. Cranked and distributive shaft can be turned as follows: Place the vehicle on a level surface, turn on the fifth gear and push the little car, pushing it forward or backward.

Rotate the camshaft so that the cam checked the cylinder facing upwards. To do this, set the gear lever to the neutral position, tighten the parking brake and turn the appropriate wrench crankshaft in direction of rotation of the pulley bolt accessory drive belt.
Push the pusher a wooden or plastic wedge. If the magnitude of the backlash is felt more than 0.1 mm, replace the plunger.

A WARNING
After installing a new hydraulic tappet can not start the engine for 30 minutes, otherwise the valve plate may face the piston, leading to damage.

Removal and installation of the cylinder head on the car
Cars with engine capacity of 1.1 liters and 1.3

NOTE
Remove the cylinder head only for engine cooling (room temperature).

Withdrawal
Unplug the "weight" from the storage battery.

Drain plug cooling radiator
Fig. 2.10. Drain plug cooling radiator


Drain the coolant (fig. 2.10) and disconnect the supply hose of the radiator cooling system.

A WARNING
Faulty cylinder head is defined by one or more of the following characteristics:
- Loss of power;
- Leakage of coolant. White smoke from the exhaust pipe to the engine is warm;
- oil leak;
- The coolant in the engine oil, the oil level decreases can be increased. Gray Engine oil, traces of foam on the dipstick, the oil is diluted;
- Engine oil in the coolant;
- Coolant strongly rages;
- There is no compression in two next cylinders.

Disconnect the crankcase ventilation hose from the air filter and cylinder head cover.

A WARNING
When you disconnect a cable of weight from the battery erases from memory the radio security code, radio stations and settings. The battery can be switched off only when the ignition is switched off, otherwise you may damage the electronic control fuel injection system.

Disconnect the air supply pipe network system.
Disconnect vacuum hose, fuel hose and the hose supplying coolant.
Disconnect the high-voltage wires from the ignition spark plugs.
Remove the ignition coil.

Rack mount the receiver's power supply system
Fig. 2.11. Rack mount the receiver's power supply system


Remove the rack mount receiver system power supply (Fig. 2.11).
Remove the intake manifold.
Remove the heat shield and the exhaust manifold.
Remove the drive pulley the coolant pump and the crankshaft pulley.
Uncover the camshaft drive.
Move the belt tensioning pulley timing toward the coolant pump and temporarily secure it in this position.
Remove the timing belt timing.
Remove the cylinder head cover.

Procedure for loosening the bolts fastening the cylinder head of the engine displacement of 1.1 liters (arrow points towards the front of the engine)
Fig. 2.12. Procedure for loosening the bolts fastening the cylinder head of the engine displacement of 1.1 liters (arrow points towards the front of the engine)


Procedure for loosening the bolts fastening the cylinder head of the engine displacement of 1.3 liters (arrow points towards the front of the engine)
Fig. 2.13. Procedure for loosening the bolts fastening the cylinder head of the engine displacement of 1.3 liters (arrow points towards the front of the engine)


Remove the cylinder head by unscrewing the screws fixing it to the specified on Fig. 2.12 and 2.13 the order with the key to the mounting bolts of the cylinder head.
Remove any residual gasket material from the mating surfaces of the cylinder head and the block.

NOTE
Make sure that the gasket material particles do not fall into the cylinders.

Setting
Before installation, release the head and the cylinder block from the remnants of a suitable gasket scraper. Make sure the holes in the cylinder no dirt. Close the hole with a cloth.
Make sure the holes in the cylinder head bolts had no oil. Remove oil, if necessary.
Check cylinder head for deformation with a steel ruler and probe in different parts of the cylinder head. The range is set diagonally to the plane in the middle in the longitudinal direction and transversely. Flatness tolerance of 0.1 mm.
Replace the cylinder head gasket new.
The sealant on the gasket do not apply, always remove the gasket replaced.

The sequence of the bolts fastening the cylinder head of the engine displacement of 1.1 liters (arrow points towards the front of the engine)
Fig. 2.14. The sequence of the bolts fastening the cylinder head of the engine displacement of 1.1 liters (arrow points towards the front of the engine)


Tighten the bolts of the cylinder head from the top middle. The key for the cylinder head bolts, tighten the bolts in the sequence shown in Fig. 2.14 and 2.15.

The sequence of the bolts fastening the cylinder head of the engine displacement of 1.3 liters (arrow points towards the front of the engine)
Fig. 2.15. The sequence of the bolts fastening the cylinder head of the engine displacement of 1.3 liters (arrow points towards the front of the engine)


Repeat the operation, tightening all the bolts to the specified torque.
Tightening torque cylinder head, Nm:
Engine capacity of 1.1 liters:
the engine is cold .... 60-70
the engine is hot ....... 70-75
Engine capacity of 1.3 liters:
23-27
+ To tighten to 60-62 ?�
+ Again to tighten on a 60-62 ?�

A WARNING
Tighten the cylinder head bolts should be carried out carefully. Before tightening, check the accuracy of the torque wrench. Cylinder head bolts should be tightened in a cold engine.

Move the tensioning pulley timing belt in the direction of the coolant pump and fix it.
Install the timing belt on the camshaft sprocket and tighten the lead belt is turning toothed pulley in the direction opposite to the normal direction of rotation. Check the combination of adjusting labels.
Adjust the timing as indicated in the "camshaft and drive."
Install the cylinder head cover and tighten bolts of its fastening to the specified torque.
Tightening torque bolts cylinder head cover of 8-10 Nm.
Install the timing cover.
Install a new gasket and intake manifold intake manifold. Tighten bolts and nuts of fastening of the inlet pipeline torque 15-20 Nm.
Install a new exhaust manifold gasket and the exhaust manifold. Tighten the nuts to the specified torque.
Set the receiver and tighten the nuts and bolts of the receiver to the inlet pipeline torque 15-20 Nm.
Install the ignition coil.
Install an air inlet pipe intake system.
Connect the vacuum hose, fuel hose and the coolant hose.
???????????�?????????�?� ???�?�???? ???�???�???�???�???? ???�???�?�???�.

A WARNING
?????????????�???�?????????? ?�?�?�?�???�?? ?????�???? ?????????�???�?�?�?? ?�???�?????? ?????? ???�???�???�?�???????? ?�?�?�?????�??????, ?? ???????�?????????? ???�???�?�?� ?�?????�?� ?????????�?�???�?? ???�?�???�?????????�?? ?�?�???? ???????�???�?�?????? ???????�?�???� ???????�?????�.

?�?�?????�?????�?� ?�???????????�???? ???????�?�???? ???�?�?�?�???�?????? ?????????�?�?�?�??.
?????????�?????�?� ?????????�???? ???�???�?� ?? ???�???�?�???� ?????????�?�?�?�?�. ?�???�?? ?????????�?�?????� ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?�?�?�?� ???�?????????�?????�, ?�?�???�?????�?� ???�???�??.
???????????�???�?� ?????????�?�?�?�?? ???? ???�?�???�?�?? ?�?�?????�???�?�?????�, ?????????�?????�?� ?????????�???? ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�?? ?? ???�?????�?�???�???????�?? ?????�???????�?????? ?????�?� ???�?�????????.
?????????�?????�?� ?????�?????�?????????�?? ?????�?�?????????? ?????�?� ?????�???�?�?�?????? ?�?�?�?????�??????.
?????????�?????�?� ?�?�???�???�?? ?????�?�?�?????? ?????????�?�?�?�?? ???� ?�???�?????�???? ?�?????? ?? ???????�???�?�?????� ????.
?????????�?????�?� ???????????�???????? ?? ?�???�?????????�?� ?????????�?�?�?�??.

?????�???????�???�?? ?? ?????????�?�?�?�?????? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,5 ?? 1,6 ?�

NOTE
?????????�???�?� ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?�???�?????? ???� ???�?�?�?�???�???????? ?????????�?�?�?�?� (?????????�?�???�?? ?�?�?????�???�?�?????�).

A WARNING
???�?????????�?????�?? ?????�???????� ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ???????�???�?�???�?�???? ???? ???????????? ???�?? ???�???????�???????? ???�?�???????�???? ???????�???�???�??:
??� ?????�?�???? ?????�???????�??;
??� ???�?�?�???� ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�??. ?�?�?�?�?? ???�?? ???� ???�?�?�?????????? ?�?????�?� ???� ?�?�???�???? ?????????�?�?�?�?�;
??� ???�?�?�???� ???�???�?�;
??� ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�?? ?? ?????�?????????? ???�???�?�, ?????????�???? ???�???�?� ???� ?????�???????�?�?�????, ?????�?�?� ?????�?�???�?????�?�??????. ???�???�?? ?�???�?� ?????�???????????? ???�???�?�, ???�?�???� ???�???� ???� ???�???�?????�???�?????�?�?�???????? ?�?????�, ???�???�?? ???�?�?�???�?�????;
??� ?????�?????????� ???�???�?? ?? ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�??;
??� ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�?? ?????�?????? ?�?????�???�;
??� ???�?????�???�?????�?� ???????????�???????? ?? ???????� ???????�???????� ?�???�?????????�?�.

Withdrawal
???�???�???�???�?� ???�?�?�?�?? ?�???�?????�?� ???� ?�???????????�???�?????????? ?�?�?�?�???�??.

A WARNING
?????? ???�???�???�?�?????? ???�?�?�?�?? ?�???�?????�?� ???� ?�???????????�???�?????????? ?�?�?�?�???�?? ???� ???�?????�?? ???�?????????????�?????????� ???�?????�???�???? ?�?�?�???�???�?? ?????? ???�?????????????�?????????� ?? ???�???�?????????? ???�?????????�?�???�????. ?�?�?�?�???�?? ?????�???? ???�???�???�?�?�?? ?�???�?????? ?????? ???�???�???�?�???????? ?�?�?�?????�??????, ?? ???????�?????????? ???�???�?�?� ?�?????�?� ?????????�?�???�?? ???�?�???�?????????�?? ?�?�???? ???????�???�?�?????? ???????�?�???� ???????�?????�.

???»???????°?? ???????±???° ???°?????°?‚?????° (?????°?·?°???° ???‚???µ?»??????)
Fig. 2.16. ???�???????�?? ???????�???� ???�?????�?�?????� (?????�?�?�???� ???�???�?�??????)


???�?�???�?� ???�?�?�?�???�???�???? ?�???????????�?? ( ??????. 2.16 ) ?? ???�?????�?????????�?� ???????????????�???? ???�?�???? ???�?????�?�?????� ???????�?�???� ???�?�?�?�???�??????.
???�?????�?????????�?� ???�?�???? ???�???�???�???�???? ???�???�?�???� ???� ?????�?????????????? ?�???�???�???� ?? ?????�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????.
???�?????�?????????�?� ???????????????�???? ?????�?????????�?? ???�?�?????�???? ???????�?�???� ?????�?�??????.
???�?????�?????????�?� ???�???????????�?? ???�?�????, ?�?????�???????�?? ???�?�???? ?? ???�?�???? ?????????????� ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�??.
???�?????�?????????�?� ???�?????????????�???�???�?� ?????????????� ???????�?�???� ?�?�?�?????�?????? ???� ?????�?�?�?? ?�?�?�?????�??????.
???????????�?� ???�?�???????? ?�?�?�?????�??????.

???‚???????° ?????µ???»?µ?????? ???µ???????µ???° ???????‚?µ???‹ ?????‚?°??????
Fig. 2.17. ???�???????� ?????�???�?�?????? ???�???????�???� ???????�?�???� ?????�?�??????


???????????�?� ???�???????? ?????�???�?�?????? ???�???????�???� ???????�?�???� ?????�?�?????? ( ??????. 2.17 ).
???????????�?� ???????????????? ?�?????�??????????????.
???????????�?� ?�?�???�???�?�?�???�???�?? ?????�???� ?? ???�?????????????? ?????�?�?�???�????.
???????????�?� ???????? ?????????????� ???�???????� ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�?? ?? ???????? ?????�?�???�?�?�?????? ???�?�?�.
???????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????????????� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�.
?????�???�???�?� ???�?�???�?????? ?????�???? ???�?????? ?????????????� ???�?�?�?????�???� ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�?�?????? ?? ???�?????????? ???�???????� ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�?? ?? ?????�???�?????? ?�?�?�???????????????�?� ?�???? ?? ???�???? ?????�???�?�??????.
???????????�?� ???�???�???? ?????????????� ???�?�?�?????�???� ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�?�??????.
???????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????.

?????????????? ???‚???????°?‡?????°?????? ?±???»?‚???? ?????µ???»?µ?????? ?????»???????? ?±?»?????° ?†???»???????????? ?????????°?‚?µ?»?µ?? ???°?±???‡???? ???±???µ?????? 1,5 ?? 1,6 ?»
Fig. 2.18. ?????????????? ???�???????�?�?????�?????? ?�???�?�???? ?????�???�?�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?????????�?�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,5 ?? 1,6 ?�


???????????�?� ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????, ???�???�???????? ?�???�?�?� ?�?� ?????�???�?�?????? ?? ?????�?�?�???????? ???� ??????. 2.18 ?????????????� ?? ?????????�???? ???�???�?� ???�?? ?�???�?�???? ?????�???�?�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????.
?????�?�???�?� ?????�?�?�???? ???�?�?�?????�?�?� ?????????�?�?????? ?? ?????????�?�???�???�?� ???????�???�???????�?�?? ?????�???????? ?? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????.

NOTE
???�?�?????�?�, ?�?�???�?� ?????�?�?�???? ?????????�?�?????? ???� ???????�?�?? ?? ?�???�?????????�.

?????�?�?????????�
???�???�?? ?????�?�???????????? ?????????�???????�?� ?????�???????? ?? ?�?�???? ?�???�???????????? ???� ?????�?�?�?????? ?????????�?�?????? ???????�???????�???? ???�?�?�??????. ???�?�?????�?�, ?�?�???�?� ?? ???�???�?????�???? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ???� ???????�?�?� ???????�??. ?�?�?????????�?� ???�???�?????�???? ?�????????????.
?????????�?????�?�, ?�?�???�?� ?? ???�???�?????�?????� ?�???�?�???? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ???� ?�?�?�?? ???�???�?�. ?????�?�???�?� ???�???�?? ?????? ???�???�?�?????????????�??.
?????????�?????�?� ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ???� ???�?�???�???� ???�?�???????�?�???? ?? ?????????�???? ???�?�?�???????? ?�?????�?????? ?? ?�?????� ?? ???�?�???�?� ???�???�?�?� ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????. ?�?????�?????� ?????�?�???�???�?????�?�?�???? ???? ?????�???????�?�???? ???�???????????�??, ?? ???�???�???????�, ?? ???????????�???????? ???�?????�???�?�?????? ?? ???????�???�??. ?�?????????? ???�???????????�???????�?? 0,1 ????.
?????�?�?????????�?� ???� ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?????????? ?????????�?�??????, ???�???????????????� ???� ?????????�?�?????� ?????�?�???� ?�?�?�?? ???�???�?�?�???� ?? ???�?????????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????.
???� ???�?????????�?� ???�?????�?�???? ???� ?????????�?�??????, ?????�?????� ?�?�???�???????�?� ?????????? ???????�???? ?????????�?�??????.

???????»?µ???????°?‚?µ?»?????????‚?? ?·?°?‚???¶???? ?±???»?‚???? ?????µ???»?µ?????? ?????»???????? ?±?»?????° ?†???»???????????? ?????????°?‚?µ?»?µ?? ???°?±???‡???? ???±???µ?????? 1,5 ?? 1,6 ?»
Fig. 2.19. ???????�?�???????�?�?�?�?????????�?? ?�?�?�???�???? ?�???�?�???? ?????�???�?�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?????????�?�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,5 ?? 1,6 ?�


?�?�???�???????�?� ?�???�?�?� ?????�???�?�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????. ?�?�?�???????�?� ?�???�?�?� ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ???�???�???? ???�?? ?�???�?�???? ?? ?????�?�?�???????? ???� ??????. 2.19 ???????�?�???????�?�?�?�?????????�??.
???????�???� ?�?�?�???�???? ?�???�?�???? ?????�???�?�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????, ???�??:
?????????�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,5 ?�
30 + ???????�???????�?? ???� 90?�
+ ???�???????�???�?? ?????� ?�???�?�?�
+30 + ???????�???????�?? ???� 90?�
?????????�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,6 ?�
35 + to tighten
???� 90?� + ???�???????�???�?? ?????� ?�???�?�?� + 35
+ ???????�???????�?? ???� 90?�

A WARNING
?�?�?�???�???? ?�???�?�???? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ???�?�?????�?� ???????�?�???�???�???�?? ?? ?�???�???????? ?????�???????�???????�????. ???�???�?? ?�?�?�???�?????? ???�???�?�?????????? ?????????�?????�?? ?�???�???????�?? ???????�???????�?�?????�?�?????????? ???�???�?�. ?�???�?�?� ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ???�???? ?�?�?�?????????�?�?? ???� ?�???�?????????? ?????????�?�?�?�?�.

?????�???�???�?� ???�?�???�?????? ?????�???? ???�?????? ?????????????� ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�?????�???� ?? ???�?????????? ???�???????� ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�?? ?? ?�?�?�???????????????�?� ?�????.
?????�?�?????????�?� ???�???�???? ?????????????� ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�?????�???� ???� ?�???�?�?�?�?�?? ???????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ?? ???�?�???????�?� ???�?????�???? ???�?�???? ???�??????, ???????�???????? ?�???�?�?�?�?�?? ???????? ?? ???�?????�???�?�??????, ???�???�?�?????? ?????????�?�?????????? ???�?????�???�?�?????? ?????�?�?�??????. ?????????�?????�?� ?????????�?�?�?????� ?????�?�?????????�???�?� ???�?�????.
???�???�?????�?????????�?� ???????????? ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�?????�???�, ???�?? ?????�?�?�???? ?? ?????????�?�???�?�?� ?�?�?�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????�?? ???�?� ?? ?�???? ?????????????�.
?????�?�?????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?? ?�?�?�???????�?� ?�???�?�?� ?�?� ?????�???�?�?????? ???????�???�???? 8??�10 ???�??.
?????�?�?????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????????????� ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�?????�???�.
?????�?�?????????�?� ?????????? ?????????�?�?????? ?????????????????? ?�?????�???????????????� ?? ???????????????? ?�?????�??????????????. ?�?�?�???????�?� ?�???�?�?� ?????�???�?�?????? ?????????????????? ?�?????�???????????????� ???????�???�???? 15??�20 ???�??.
?????�?�?????????�?� ?????????? ?????????�?�?????? ???�???????????????? ?????�?�?�???�?????� ?? ???�?????????????? ?????�?�?�???�????. ?�?�?�???????�?� ???�?????? ?????�???�?�?????? ?????�?�?�?????�?? ???????�???�????.
?????�?�?????????�?� ???�???????�??, ?�?�?�???????�?� ???�?????? ?? ?�???�?�?� ?????�???�?�?????? ???�???????�???� ?? ?????????????????? ?�?????�???????????????? ???????�???�???? 15??�20 ???�??.
?????�?�?????????�?� ???�?�???????? ?�?�?�?????�??????.
?????�?�?????????�?� ???????????????�???? ?????�?????????�?? ???�?�?????�???? ???????�?�???� ???????????�.
???????????�?????????�?� ???�???????????�?? ???�?�????, ???�?�???? ???????�?�?? ?�?????�?????� ?? ???�?�???? ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�??.
???????????�?????????�?� ???�?�???? ???�???�???�???�???? ???�???�?�???�.

A WARNING
?????????????�???�?????????? ?�?�?�?�???�?? ?????�???? ?????????�???�?�?�?? ?�???�?????? ?????? ???�???�???�?�???????? ?�?�?�?????�??????, ?? ???????�?????????? ???�???�?�?� ?�?????�?� ?????????�?�???�?? ???�?�???�?????????�?? ?�?�???? ???????�???�?�?????? ???????�?�???� ???????�?????�.

?�?�?????�?????�?� ?�???????????�???? ???????�?�???? ???�?�?�?�???�?????? ?????????�?�?�?�??.
?????????�?????�?� ?????????�???? ???�???�?� ?? ???�???�?�???� ?????????�?�?�?�?�. ?�???�?? ?????????�?�?????� ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ???�?????????�?????�, ?�?�???�?????�?� ???�???�??.
???????????�???�?� ?????????�?�?�?�?? ???? ???�?�???�?�?? ?�?�?????�???�?�?????�, ?????????�?????�?� ?????????�???? ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�?? ?? ???�?????�?�???�???????�?? ?????�???????�?????? ?????�?� ???�?�????????.
?????????�?????�?� ?????�?????�?????????�?? ?????�?�?????????? ?????�?� ?????�???�?�?�?????? ?�?�?�?????�??????.
?????????�?????�?� ?�?�???�???�?? ?????�?�?�?????? ?????????�?�?�?�?? ???� ?�???�?????�???? ?�?????? ?? ???????�???�?�?????� ????.
?????????�?????�?� ???????????�???????? ?? ?�???�?????????�?� ?????????�?�?�?�??.

?�?�?�?�???????� ?? ???�???????� ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????
?????�???????�???�?? ?? ?????????�?�?�?�?????? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,1 ?�
?�?�?�?�???????�
?�???�?? ?�???�?�???�?�???? ?�?�???�?????�?? ?�???�?????? ???�??????-?�???�?? ???????? ???�?�?�?�??, ?�?? ?????�???? ???� ???�?�?�?????�?�?? ?????�???????�???? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????, ?� ???????�?? ?�???�?????? ?�??, ?�?�?? ???�???�?�?????????? ???�?? ?�?�???�???�.

???????????‹???»?° ?????????????° ???»?°???°?????? ?????»???????? ?±?»?????° ?†???»???????????? ?????????°?‚?µ?»?? ???°?±???‡???? ???±???µ?????? 1,1 ?»
Fig. 2.20. ???????????�???�?� ?????????????� ???�?�???�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?????????�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,1 ?�


???????????�???�?� ?????????????� ???�?�???�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?????????�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,1 ?� ???????�?�?�???� ???� ??????. 2.20 .
???�?????�?????????�?� ???�?�???? ???�???�???�???�???? ???�???�?�???� ?? ???�?�???? ???????????????�?�?�???????? ???�???�???�???�???? ???�???�?�???�.
???????????�?� ???????? ???�???????� ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�?? ?? ???????? ?????�?�???�?�?�?????? ???�?�?�.
???????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????????????� ???�?�?�?????�???� ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�?�??????.
?????�???�???�?� ???�?�???�?????? ?????�???? ???�?????? ?????????????� ???�?�?�?????�???� ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�?�?????? ?? ???�?????????? ???�???????� ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�?? ?? ?�?�?�???????????????�?� ?�???? ?? ???�???? ?????�???�?�??????.
???????????�?� ???�???�???? ?? ?�???�?�?�?�?????? ?????????� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�.
???????????�?� ?�???�?�?�?�?�?? ???????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�.
???????????�?� ???�?�???????? ?�?�?�?????�??????.
???????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????.
???????????�?� ?????? ???????????�???�?� ?? ???????????�???�?�????. ?�?�?? ???�?????? ???�???�???????�?� ?�???�?�?� ?? ?�?????�???????? ?? ???????????�?� ?????? ???????????�???�?� ?? ???�?????� ?? ???????????�???�?�???? ?? ???�???????????�???? ???????�?????�???? ???????????�???�?�.
???�???�???????�?� ?�???�?�?� ?? ???????????�?� ?? ?????�?? ???????????�???�?� ?? ???�???????????�?� ???????�?????�.
?�?�?????�?� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????�?? ???�?� ?? ???�?????�???�?�?????? ?? ???�???�?????�???? ?�?????�?? ?????????�?�?�?�??.

???????‚???µ ???°???????µ???µ?»???‚?µ?»?????????? ???°?»?°
Fig. 2.21. ???????�???� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�


???????????�?� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????�?? ???�?�, ???�?? ???????�?�?�???? ???� ??????. 2.21 .
???�???????�
???�???�?? ?????�?�???????????? ?????????�?????�?� ?�???�?????� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�. ?????�???�?�???????� ?�???�?????� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ???????�?�???�???�?� 0,01 ????. ?????????�?????� ?�???�?????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ?????�?�???� ???????????????�?????? ???� ???�?�???�???? ?�?�?�?????�?�?????????? ???�???�???�?????�??????.

NOTE
?????? ?????�?�?????????� ?�?�?????�???? ?? ???????�???�?�?�?�?????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ???� ?????????�?�?�?�?? ?? ?�???�???????? ???????�?�?????? ???�?? ?????? ???�?�???�???? ?????????? ?? ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�???�?�?�???????? ???�?�?�?????�???� ?�?�?�?�???????�???�?�???? ?????????�?????�?? ?????�?????? ???????�???????�?? ?�????. ?????�???�?�?????�?? ???????�???????�?? ?�???? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ???????�?�???�???�?� 0,15 ????.

?????�?�?????????�?� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????�?? ???�?�, ?????�?????�?????�?�?�?????? ?????�?�?�?? ?�???? ???????????�?� ???�?????? ?????�???????�?? ???�???�????.
?????�?�?????????�?� ???�?�???????? ?�?�?�?????�??????.
?????�?�?????????�?� ?????? ???????????�???�?� ?? ???????????�???�?�????. ?�?�?? ???�?????? ?????�?�?????????�?� ???????????�???�?� ?? ???�???????????�?� ???????�?????� ???� ?????? ???????????�???�?�, ?� ?????? ???????????�???�?� ?? ???�?????� ???� ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????.
?�?�?�???????�?� ?�???�?�?� ?????�???�?�?????? ?????�?? ???????????�???�?� ???????�???�???? 20??�27 ???�??.
?????? ?????�?�?????????� ???????????�???�?�, ???????�???? ?? ?????�?? ???????????�???�?� ???�???�?�?????????? ???�?�?????�?? ?�?� ???� ?????�?????�?????�?? ?????�???�?�?????�?? (?�?�???�?? ???�?? ?????�???�?? ???�?????????�).
?�?�???????????�?� ???????�?????� ?????�?? ???????????�???�?� ?????????????�?� ?? ???�???????????�?� ???�?�???�?????? ?????????�???????�. ?????�?�?????????? ???�?�?????�?� ???????????????�?? ?�?�??, ?�?�???�?� ?�?�?????�, ???�???????�???�?�?????�?? ???�?�???? ?????????? ?�?�???�?????? ?????? ???????????�???�?�, ???�???????�?�???�?�?�???? ???? ???�?????????� ?????????????� ???�?�?�?????�???� ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�?�??????.
???????�???????? ???�?? ?�?�?????�???????????? ???�?�?????????� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� (???????�?? ?????????????????�?�?�?????? ???? ???�?�?�?�?????? ?????? 09221-21000) ?�?�?????�?????????�?� ???�?�???????? ???�?�?�, ?????�?????�?????�?�?�?????? ?????�?�?�?? ?????�???????�?? ???�???�???? ???�?????�?????? ???????�???�???????�?? ???�?�?????????�.

?—?°?????µ???????????° ???°?»?????????° ???°???????µ???µ?»???‚?µ?»?????????? ???°?»?° ?? ?????????‰???? ???????°??????
Fig. 2.22. ?�?�?????�???????????� ???�?�?????????� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ?? ?????????�???? ???????�??????


?�?�?? ?�?�?????�???????????? ???�?�???????? ?????�???? ???�???�?�?? ???� ?????????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ?? ?�?�?????�?????????�?�?? ???? ?????????� ?????�???�???? ?????�???�???� ???? ???????�?????�, ???�?? ???????�?�?�???? ???� ??????. 2.22 .
?????�?�?????????�?� ?�???�?�?�?�?�?? ???????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ?? ?�?�?�???????�?� ?�???�?� ?????�???�?�?????? ???????�???�???? 80??�100 ???�??.

?????????µ?‰?µ?????µ ???µ?‚???? ???° ?·???±?‡?°?‚???? ?????????? ???°???????µ???µ?»???‚?µ?»?????????? ???°?»?° ?? ?????‚?°?????????‡?????? ???µ?‚?????? ???° ?????»???????µ ?±?»?????° ?†???»????????????
Fig. 2.23. ?????????�?�?�?????� ???�?�???? ???� ?�???�?�?�?�???? ?????????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ?? ?????�?�?????????�?????? ???�?�?????? ???� ?????�???????� ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????


?????????µ?‰?µ?????µ ???µ?‚???? ???° ?·???±?‡?°?‚???? ?????????? ?????»?µ???‡?°?‚?????? ???°?»?° ?? ?????‚?°?????????‡?????? ???µ?‚?????? ???° ?±?»?????µ ?†???»???????????? ?????????°?‚?µ?»??
Fig. 2.24. ?????????�?�?�?????� ???�?�???? ???� ?�???�?�?�?�???? ?????????? ?????�?�???�?�?�?????? ???�?�?� ?? ?????�?�?????????�?????? ???�?�?????? ???� ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?????????�?�?�?�??


?????�?�?????????�?� ?????????�???? 1-???? ?�???�?????????� ?? ?�???? ???????�?� ?�?�???�?� ???�?�?�????, ?????? ???�???? ???�?�???? ???� ?�???�?�?�?�?�?� ?????????�?� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ?? ?????�?�???�?�?�?????? ???�?�???? ?????�?�???� ?�?�?�?? ?????????�?�?�???� ?? ???????�???�?�???�???????�?????? ?????�?�?????????�???�???? ???�?�???�???? ???� ?????�???????� ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?????????�?�?�?�??, ???�?? ???????�?�?�???? ???� ??????. 2.23 ?? 2.24 .
???�???�???�?� ?????????�?�?????? ?? ???�?� ?????�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????.
?�???�???�?????? ?????�?�?????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????�.
???????�???�?� ?????????�?�?�?�?? ?? ???�???�?� ?�???? ???????�?�???�?�?�?? ???� ?�???�?????�???? ?�??????.
?????�?�?????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?? ?�?�?�???????�?� ?�???�?�?� ?????�???�?�?????? ???????�???�???? 8??�10 ???�??.
?????�?�?????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????????????� ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�?????�???�.
?????�?�?????????�?� ???????? ???�???????� ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�?? ?? ???????? ?????�?�???�?�?�?????? ???�?�?�.

?????�???????�???�?? ?? ?????????�?�?�?�?????? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,3 ?�
?�?�?�?�???????�
?�???�?? ?�???�?�???�?�???? ?�?�???�???� ?�???�?????? ???�??????-?�???�?? ?????????? ???�?�?�?�??, ?�?? ?????�???? ???� ???�?�?�?????�?�?? ?????�???????�???? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????, ?� ???????�?? ?�???�?????? ?�??, ?�?�?? ???�???�?�?????????? ???�?? ?�?�???�???�.

???????????‹???»?° ?????????????° ???»?°???°?????? ?????»???????? ?±?»?????° ?†???»???????????? ?????????°?‚?µ?»?? ???°?±???‡???? ???±???µ?????? 1,3 ?»
Fig. 2.25. ???????????�???�?� ?????????????� ???�?�???�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?????????�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,3 ?�


???????????�???�?� ?????????????� ???�?�???�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?????????�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,3 ?� ???????�?�?�???� ???� ??????. 2.25 .
???�?????�?????????�?� ???�?�???? ???�???�???�???�???? ???�???�?�???� ?? ???�?�???? ???????????????�?�?�???????? ???�???�???�???�???? ???�???�?�???�.
???????????�?� ???????? ???�???????� ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�?? ?? ???????? ?????�?�???�?�?�?????? ???�?�?�.
???????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????????????� ???�?�?�?????�???� ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�?�??????.
?????�???�???�?� ???�?�???�?????? ?????�???? ???�?????? ?????????????� ???�?�?�?????�???� ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�?�?????? ?? ???�?????????? ???�???????� ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�?? ?? ?�?�?�???????????????�?� ?�???? ?? ???�???? ?????�???�?�??????.
???????????�?� ???�???�???? ?? ?�???�?�?�?�?????? ?????????� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�.
???????????�?� ?�???�?�?�?�?�?? ???????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�.
???????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????.
???????????�?� ?????? ???????????�???�?� ?? ???????????�???�?�????. ?�?�?? ???�?????? ???�???�???????�?� ?�???�?�?� ?? ?�?????�???????? ?? ???????????�?� ?????? ???????????�???�?� ?? ???�?????� ?? ???????????�???�?�???? ?? ???�???????????�???? ???????�?????�???? ???????????�???�?�.
???�???�???????�?� ?�???�?�?� ?? ???????????�?� ?? ?????�?? ???????????�???�?� ?? ???�???????????�?� ???????�?????�.
???????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????????????????????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�.

???????‚???µ ???°???????µ???µ?»???‚?µ?»?????????? ???°?»?°
Fig. 2.26. ???????�???� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�


???????????�?� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????�?? ???�?�, ???�?? ???????�?�?�???? ???� ??????. 2.26 .
???�???????�
???�???�?? ?????�?�???????????? ?????????�?????�?� ?�???�?????� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�. ?????�???�?�???????� ?�???�?????� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ???????�?�???�???�?� 0,01 ????. ?????????�?????? ?�???�?????? ???�???? ???????????????�?? ???� ???�?�???�???? ?�?�?�?????�?�?????????? ???�???�???�?????�??????.

NOTE
?????? ?????�?�?????????� ?�?�?????�???? ?? ???????�???�?�?�?�?????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ???� ?????????�?�?�?�?? ?? ?�???�???????? ???????�?�?????? ???�?? ?????? ???�?�???�???? ?????????? ?? ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�???�?�?�???????? ???�?�?�?????�???� ?�?�?�?�???????�???�?�???? ?????????�?????�?? ?????�?????? ???????�???????�?? ?�????. ?????�???�?�?????�?? ???????�???????�?? ?�???? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ???????�?�???�???�?� 0,15 ????. ???�???�???�?????� ?????????�?????????�???? ?????? ???????�?�?� ?�???�???�?�?�?�???� ?? ?????�?�???????�?�?????�?� ?????�?????�?� ?????????????????????? ?��1 ?? 5.

?????�?�?????????�?� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????�?? ???�?�, ?????�?????�?????�?�?�?????? ?????�?�?�?? ?�???? ???????????�?� ???�?????? ?????�???????�?? ???�???�????.
?????�?�?????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????????????????????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�.
?????�?�?????????�?� ?????? ???????????�???�?� ?? ???????????�???�?�????. ?�?�?? ???�?????? ?????�?�?????????�?� ???????????�???�?� ?? ???�???????????�?� ???????�?????� ???� ?????? ???????????�???�?�, ?� ?????? ???????????�???�?� ?? ???�?????� ???� ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????.
?�?�?�???????�?� ?�???�?�?� ?????�???�?�?????? ?????�?? ???????????�???�?� ???????�???�???? 20??�27 ???�??.
?????? ?????�?�?????????� ???????????�???�?�, ???????�???? ?? ?????�?? ???????????�???�?� ???�???�?�?????????? ???�?�?????�?? ?�?� ???� ?????�?????�?????�?? ?????�???�?�?????�?? (?�?�???�?? ???�?? ?????�???�?? ???�?????????�).
?�?�???????????�?� ???????�?????� ?????�?? ???????????�???�?� ?????????????�?� ?? ???�???????????�?� ???�?�???�?????? ?????????�???????�. ?????�?�?????????? ???�?�?????�?� ???????????????�?? ?�?�??, ?�?�???�?� ?�?�?????�, ???�???????�???�?�?????�?? ???�?�???? ?????????? ?�?�???�?????? ?????? ???????????�???�?�, ???�???????�?�???�?�?�???? ???? ???�?????????� ?????????????� ???�?�?�?????�???� ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�?�??????.
???????�???????? ???�?? ?�?�?????�???????????? ???�?�?????????� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� (???????�?? ?????????????????�?�?�?????? ???? ???�?�?�?�?????? ?????? 09221-21000) ?�?�?????�?????????�?� ???�?�???????? ???�?�?�, ?????�?????�?????�?�?�?????? ?????�?�?�?? ?????�???????�?? ???�???�???? ???�?????�?????? ???????�???�???????�?? ???�?�?????????�.
?�?�?? ?�?�?????�???????????? ???�?�?????????� ?�???? ?????�???? ???�???�?�?? ???� ?????????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ?? ?�?�?????�?????????�?�?? ???? ?????????� ?????�???�???? ?????�???�???� ???? ???????�?????�, ???�?? ???????�?�?�???? ???� ??????. 2.22 .
?????�?�?????????�?� ?�???�?�?�?�?�?? ???????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ?? ?�?�?�???????�?� ?�???�?� ?????�???�?�?????? ???????�???�???? 80??�100 ???�??.

?????????µ?‰?µ?????µ ???µ?‚???? ?? ???° ?·???±?‡?°?‚???? ?????????? ???°???????µ???µ?»???‚?µ?»?????????? ???°?»?° ?? ?????‚?°?????????‡?????? ???µ?‚?????? ?’ ???° ?????»???????µ ?±?»?????° ?†???»????????????
Fig. 2.27. ?????????�?�?�?????� ???�?�???? ?? ???� ?�???�?�?�?�???? ?????????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ?? ?????�?�?????????�?????? ???�?�?????? ?� ???� ?????�???????� ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????


?????????µ?‰?µ?????µ ???µ?‚???? ???° ?·???±?‡?°?‚???? ?????????? ?????»?µ???‡?°?‚?????? ???°?»?° ?? ?????‚?°?????????‡?????? ???µ?‚?????? ???° ?±?»?????µ ?†???»???????????? ?????????°?‚?µ?»??
Fig. 2.28. ?????????�?�?�?????� ???�?�???? ???� ?�???�?�?�?�???? ?????????? ?????�?�???�?�?�?????? ???�?�?� ?? ?????�?�?????????�?????? ???�?�?????? ???� ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?????????�?�?�?�??


?????�?�?????????�?� ?????????�???? 1-???? ?�???�?????????� ?? ?�???? ???????�?� ?�?�???�?� ???�?�?�????, ???�?�???? ???� ?�???�?�?�?�?�?� ?????????�?� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ?? ?????�?�???�?�?�?????? ???�?�???? ?????�?�???� ?�?�?�?? ?????????�?�?�???� ?? ???????�???�?�???�???????�?????? ?????�?�?????????�???�???? ???�?�???�???? ???� ?????�???????� ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?????????�?�?�?�??, ???�?? ???????�?�?�???? ???� ??????. 2.27 ?? 2.28 .
???�???�???�?� ?????????�?�?????? ?? ???�?� ?????�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????.
?�???�???�?????? ?????�?�?????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????.
???????�???�?� ?????????�?�?�?�?? ?? ???�???�?� ?�???? ???????�?�???�?�?�?? ???� ?�???�?????�???? ?�??????.
?????�?�?????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?? ?�?�?�???????�?� ?�???�?�?� ?????�???�?�?????? ???????�???�???? 8??�10 ???�??.
?????�?�?????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????????????� ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�?????�???�.
?????�?�?????????�?� ???????? ???�???????� ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�?? ?? ???????? ?????�?�???�?�?�?????? ???�?�?�.

?????�???????�???�?? ?? ?????????�?�?�?�?????? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,5 ?�
?�?�?�?�???????�

Cylinder Head
Fig. 2.29. ?�???�???????� ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????: 1 ??� ?�???�?� ?????�???�?�?????? ?�???�?�?�?�?????? ?????????� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�; 2 ??� ???�?�???????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�; 3 ??� ?????�?????� ???�???�?????�???? ???????????????????� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�; 4 ??� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????�?? ???�?� ?????????????�?� ???�?�???�??????; 5 ??� ?�?�???? ?????????????� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ?????????????�?� ???�?�???�??????; 6 ??� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????�?? ???�?� ???�???????????�?� ???�?�???�??????; 7 ??� ?????????�???�???�?�???????? ?�???�???�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�???�; 8 ??� ?????�???????� ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????


?�???�???????� ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?????????�?�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,5 ?� ???????�?�?�???� ???� ??????. 2.29 .
???�?????�?????????�?� ???�?�?????? ???�???�???�???�???? ???�???�?�???�.
???????????�?� ???????? ???�???????� ???�?�?�?�???�???�?�?? ?�???????????�?? ?? ???????? ?????�?�???�?�?�?????? ???�?�?�.
???????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????????????� ???�?�?�?????�???� ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�?�??????.
?????�?�?�???�?� ?�???�?� ???�?�???�???????? ?????�?????� ???�?????? ?????????????� ???�?�?�?????�???� ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�?�?????? ?? ?�?�?�???????????????�?� ?????�????.
???????????�?� ???�???�???? ?????????????� ???�?�?�?????�???� ???�?�?????�???????�???�?�?�?????? ???? ?????????� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�.
???????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????, ???�???�???????? ?�???�?�?� ?�?� ?????�???�?�??????.
???????????�?� ???�?�???????? ?�?�?�?????�??????.

?’?µ???…?????? ?????‹?????° ?????»???????? ?±?»?????° ?†???»????????????
Fig. 2.30. ?�?�???�?????? ?????�?????� ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????


???????????�?� ???�???�?????? ?????�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ( ??????. 2.30 ), ???�???�???????? ?�???�?�?� ?�?� ?????�???�?�??????.
???????????�?� ?�???�?�?�?�?�?? ???????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�.
???????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????????????????????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????�?� ???�?�???? ?? ?????????????????? ?�?�????.
???????????�?� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????�?� ???�?�?�.
???????????�?� ?????????�???�???�?�???????� ?�???�???�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�??????.
???�???????�
?????�?�?????????�?� ?????????�???�???�?�???????� ?�???�???�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�??????.

?????‚?°?????????‡???‹?µ ???µ?‚???? ???° ?????????????????? ?†?µ???? ?? ?·???µ?·?????‡???°?… ???°?»???? (???±???·???°?‡?µ???‹ ???‚???µ?»???°????)
Fig. 2.31. ?????�?�?????????�???�?� ???�?�???? ???� ?????????????????? ?�?�???? ?? ?�???�?�?????�???�?� ???�?�???? (???�???�???�?�?�???� ???�???�?�???�????)


?????�?�?????????�?� ?????????????????? ?�?�????, ?????? ???�???? ???�?�???? ???� ?�?�???? ?????�?�???� ?�?�?�?? ?????????�?�?�???� ?? ???�?�???�???? ?�???�?�?????�?�?? ???�?�????, ???�?? ???????�?�?�???? ???� ??????. 2.31 .

?????‚?°?????????° ???°???????µ???µ?»???‚?µ?»?????‹?… ???°?»???? ?? ?????????‹ ?? ?????»???????µ ?±?»?????° ?†???»????????????
Fig. 2.32. ?????�?�?????????� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????�?� ???�?�???? ?? ?????????� ?? ?????�???????� ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????


???�???�???�?� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????�?� ???�?�?� ?? ?????????� ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????, ?????�?????�?????�?�?�?????? ?????�?�?�?? ?????�???????�?? ???�???�???? ???????????�?� ???�?????? ???�?�????, ???�?? ???????�?�?�???? ???� ??????. 2.32 .
?????�?�?????????�?� ?????�?????? ?????????????????????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????�?� ???�?�????. ?????�?????? ?????????�?????????????�???� ???�?�???????�???? ???�???�?�????:

???…?µ???° ?????‚?°?????????? ?????‹???µ?? ?????????????????????? ???°???????µ???µ?»???‚?µ?»?????‹?… ???°?»????
Fig. 2.33. ???�?�???� ?????�?�?????????? ?????�???�?? ?????????????????????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????�?� ???�?�????


I ??� ?????�?????? ?????????????????????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ?????????????�?� ???�?�???�?????? ( ??????. 2.33 );
?� ??� ?????�?????? ?????????????????????? ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?� ???�???????????�?� ???�?�???�??????.
?�?�?�???????�?� ?�???�?�?� ?????�???�?�?????? ?????�???�?? ?????????????????????? ?? ?????�-?�???? ???????�???� ???????�???�???? 12??�14 ???�??.

?—?°?????µ???????????° ???°?»?????????° ???°???????µ???µ?»???‚?µ?»?????????? ???°?»?°
Fig. 2.34. ?�?�?????�???????????� ???�?�?????????� ???�???????�???�?�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?�?�


Tool for fitting camshaft oil seal (device number in the catalog NMS 09221-21000) press in the oil seal, pre-oiled its working edge. To do this, put the oil seal on the front end of the shaft and press in until it stops light hammer blows (Fig. 2.34).

Checking the technical condition and repair
Cylinder Head
Wash the cylinder head and clean the oil channels. Remove the brushed metal deposit from the combustion chamber and the surface of the outlet channel. Inspect the cylinder head. On the neck a support under the camshaft and in the holes under the tappets should be scuffing or damage. Cracks in any area of the cylinder head are not allowed. If you suspect a coolant getting into the oil, check the tightness of the cylinder head.
To check the tightness cover the holes of the cooling jacket plugs and pump in the cooling jacket of the cylinder head water pressure of 0.5 MPa (5 kgf / cm 2). Within two minutes shall be no leakage of water from the head.
You can check the tightness of the cylinder head with compressed air, which plug the holes of the cooling jacket plugs, lower the cylinder head in a water bath, heated to 60-80 ?� C, and let it warm up for 5 minutes. Then fed into the head compressed air at a pressure of 0.15-0.2 MPa (1.5-2 kg / cm 2). Within 1-1.5 minutes shall be no release of air bubbles from the head.
Valves

Valve engine cylinder capacity of 1.3 liters
Fig. 2.35. Valve engine cylinder capacity of 1.3 liters: 1 - crackers; 2 - a plate spring; 3 - spring valve; 4 - valve stem seal; 5 - support washer; 6 - the directing plug of the exhaust valve; 7 - the seat of the intake valve; 8 - an inlet valve; 9 - exhaust valve; 10 - the seat of the exhaust valve; 11 - the directing plug of the intake valve; 12 - support washer; 13 - valve stem seal; 14 - a spring valve; 15 - a plate spring; 16 - crackers


The valves of the engine displacement of 1.3 liters shown in Fig. 2.35.

Valve engine cylinder capacity of 1.1 liters
Fig. 2.36. Valve engine cylinder capacity of 1.1 liters: 1 - exhaust valve rocker arm; 2 - crackers; 3 - spring plate; 4 - valve spring; 5 - stem seal; 6 - bearing washer; 7 - the directing plug of the exhaust valve; 8 - an inlet valve seat; 9 - an inlet valve; 10 - exhaust valve; 11 - the seat of the exhaust valve; 12 - the directing plug of the intake valve; 13 - support washer; 14 - valve stem seal; 15 - the valve spring; 16 - a plate spring; 17 - crackers; 18 - the inlet valve rocker arm


The valves of the engine displacement of 1.1 liters shown in Fig. 2.36.

Valve engine working volume of 1,5 and 1,6 l
Fig. 2.37. Valve engine cylinder capacity of 1.5 liters and 1.6: 1 - crackers; 2 - a plate spring; 3 - spring valve; 4 - valve stem seal; 5 - support washer; 6 - the directing plug of the exhaust valve; 7 - the seat of the intake valve; 8 - an inlet valve; 9 - exhaust valve; 10 - the seat of the exhaust valve; 11 - the directing plug of the intake valve; 12 - support washer; 13 - valve stem seal; 14 - a spring valve; 15 - a plate spring; 16 - crackers


Tool for removing and installing valve springs on the engine capacity of 1.1 liters and 1.3
Fig. 2.38. Tool for removing and installing valve springs on the engine capacity of 1.1 liters and 1.3


The valves of the engine displacement of 1.5 liters and 1.6 are shown in Fig. 2.38.
Withdrawal


Tool for removing and installing valve springs on the engine capacity of 1.5 liters and 1.6
Fig. 2.39. Tool for removing and installing valve springs on the engine capacity of 1.5 liters and 1.6


Compress the valve spring using the device for removing and installing valve springs, valve and remove the crumbs, then a plate spring, valve spring, thrust washer and spring valve (Fig. 2.38 and 2.39).

NOTE
Place the removed parts in order to set them in place.

Tongs for removing valve stem seals
Fig. 2.40. Tongs for removing valve stem seals


Forceps, remove stem seals (Fig. 2.40).

NOTE
The removed valve stem seals can not be reused.

Checking the technical condition and repair
Valve springs. Make sure that the valve springs are not cracked.
Check valve spring length in the free state and under load. In the event the length of the springs from the norm replace them.

NOTE
Checking the deformation of springs under load is carried out on a special device to a service station.

Check out a square deviation from the vertical springs. Exceeding the permissible deviation from the vertical, replace the spring.
The nominal length of the spring in a free condition, mm:
1,3 l ..... 42.03
1.1 l ..... 40.50
1,5 and 1,6 l ..... 44.00
The nominal length of the spring-load, mm:
1.3 liters (24.7 kg) ..... 34.50
1.1 L [(15,6 ?� 0,9) kg] ..... 32.00
1.5 liters (21.60 kg) ..... 35.00
1.5 liters (45.10 kg) ..... 35.00
1.6 liters (21.60 kg) ..... 27.2
1.6 liters (45.10) ..... 27.2
???�???�?????�?????� ???� ???�???�?????�?�??, ?????�??, ???� ?�???�?�?�:
1,3 ?�.....???� ?�???�?�?� 1,5?�
1,1 ?�.....???� ?�???�?�?� 1,5?�
1,5 ?�.....???� ?�???�?�?� 4?�
1,6 ?�.....???� ?�???�?�?� 4?�

???·???µ???µ?????µ ?·?°?·?????° ???µ?¶???? ???‚?µ???¶???????? ???»?°???°?????? ?? ???°?????°???»?????‰?????? ???‚???»???°????
Fig. 2.41. ???�???�???�?????� ?�?�?�?????� ???�?�???? ???�?�???�???????? ???�?�???�?????? ?? ???�?????�???�?????�?????? ???�???�???�????


???·???µ???µ?????µ ?????°???µ?‚???° ???‚?µ???¶???? ???»?°???°???°
Fig. 2.42. ???�???�???�?????� ?????�???�?�???� ???�?�???�???? ???�?�???�???�


???�?????�???�?????�???� ???�???�???? ???�?�???�??????. ?????????�?????�?� ?�?�?�???? ???�?�???? ???�?�???�???????? ???�?�???�?????? ?? ???�?????�???�?????�?????? ???�???�???�???? ( ??????. 2.41 ?? 2.42 ). ?�???�?? ???�?�???�?????� ?�?�?�?????� ???�?�???????� ?�?� ?????�?�?�?????�?� ?????�???�?�?�, ?�?�???�?????�?� ???�???�????, ?????�?�?????????? ???�???�???? ?�?�???�?�?????�???? ???�???????�???????? ???�?�???�???�.
???????????�?�?????�?� ?�???�?�?�?????? ?�?�?�?????� ???�?�???? ???�?�???�???????? ???�?�???�?????? ?? ???�?????�???�?????�?????? ???�???�???�????, ????:
?????????????�?� ???�?�???�???� ?????????�?�?�?�??:
1,3 ?�.....0,030??�0,060
1,1 ?�.....0,020??�0,047
1,5 ?�.....0,030??�0,060
1,6 ?�.....0,030??�0,060
exhaust valves:
1,3 ?�.....0,035??�0,065
1,1 ?�.....0,050??�0,082
1,5 ?�.....0,050??�0,080
1,6 ?�.....0,050??�0,080
?�?�???�???� ???�?????�???�?????�???� ???�???�???? ???�?�???�??????. ???�?????�???�?????�???� ???�???�???? ???�?�???�?????? ?�?�?????�?????????�???� ?? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????. ?�?�???�?????�?? ???�?????�???�?????�???� ???�???�????, ???�?? ?????????�???? ?????�?�, ?????�???? ?? ?????????�???? ?????????????????�?�?�?????? ???�?? ?�?�?????�???????????? ???�?????�???�?????�???� ???�???�???? ???�?�???�?????? 09221-21200 (?????????�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,3 ?�), 09222-02100 (?????????�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,1 ?�) ???�?? ?????????? ???????�???????�?�???? ?????????????????�?�?�??????.

???…?µ???° ?·?°?????µ???????????? ???°?????°???»?????‰???… ???‚???»???? ???»?°???°??????
Fig. 2.43. ???�?�???� ?�?�?????�???????????? ???�?????�???�?????�???� ???�???�???? ???�?�???�??????:1 ??� ?????????????????�?�?�?????� ???�?? ?�?�?????�???????????? ???�?????�???�?????�???� ???�???�???? ???�?�???�??????; 2 ??� ?????�???????� ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????; 3 ??� ???�?????�???�?????�?�?? ???�???�???� ???�?�???�???�


?? ?????????�???? ???????�?????? ?????????????????�?�?�?????? ???�?? ?�?�?????�???????????? ???�?????�???�?????�???� ???�???�???? ?? ?????�?????� ???�?????�?????????�?� ???�?????�???�?????�???? ???�???�???? ?? ???�?????�???�?�?????? ?? ?�?�?????? ?�???�???????????? ( ??????. 2.43 ).
?�?�?�???�???????�?� ???�???�?????�???� ?? ?????�???????� ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?????? ???�?????�???�?????�???? ???�???�???? ???�?? ?????�?�?????????? ???�???�???? ???�???????�???????? ???�?�???�???� ?? ?????�?�???�?�?????�?? ???�?????�???�?? ?????�???�?�??????.
?�?�?????�?????????�?� ???�???�???? ???�???????�???????? ???�?�???�???� ?? ?????????�???? ?????????????????�?�?�?????? ???�?? ?�?�?????�???????????? ???�?????�???�?????�???� ???�???�???? ???�?�???�??????. ?????????????????�?�?�?????� ?�?�?????�?????????�???�?�?� ???�?????�???�?????�???� ???�???�????, ???�?�?????�?�?????�?? ???????�???�?�?�???????? ???�?�???�?????? ???� ???�???�?????�?????? ???�?????????�?�?�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????. ?�?�?????�???????????? ???????????????�?� ?? ???�?????�???�?�?????? ?? ???????�???�???????�?? ???????????�?�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?? ?�?�???????? ?�???�????????????. ???�?????�???�?????�???� ???�???�???? ?????????????�?� ?? ???�???????????�?� ???�?�???�?????? ???�?�?????? ???�?????�.
???????�?� ?????�?�?????????? ???�?????�???�?????�???� ???�???�???? ???�?�???�?????? ?????�?�?????????�?� ???? ???�???�???? ???????�?� ???�?�???�???� ?? ?????????�?????�?� ?�?�?�???? ???�?�???? ???�?�???�???????? ???�?�???�?????? ?? ???�?????�???�?????�?????? ???�???�???�????.
?????? ?�?�???�???� ???�?????�???�?????�???� ???�???�???? ???�???�?�?????????? ?�?�???�?� ?????????�?????�?? ???�???�???????�?? ???????�?????? ???�?�???�?????? ?? ???�???�?�?� ?? ?????? ???�???�?�?????????????�?? ?????????�???�?????�?�?? ???�???�?�.

???»???„???????° ???µ???»?° ???»?°???°???° ?„???µ?·????
Fig. 2.44. ???�???�???????� ???�???�?� ???�?�???�???� ?�???�?�????


???�???�?� ???�?�???�??????. ?????????�?????�?� ???�???�?� ???�?�???�?????? ???� ???�?�???�???� ???�?�?????? ???�???�?????�???� ?? ???�???�?????????�?????????? ???????�?�???�?????? ???�?�???�???� ?�?�?????? ???�?�???�??????. ?????? ???�???�?�?????????????�?? ?????????�???�?????�?� ( ??????. 2.44 ) ???�?? ?�?�???�?????�?� ???�???�?� ???�?�???�??????.

???µ???»?? ???‹???????????????? ???»?°???°???° ?????????°?‚?µ?»?µ?? ???°?±???‡???? ???±???µ?????? 1,1 ?? 1,3 ?»
Fig. 2.45. ???�???�?? ???�???????????????? ???�?�???�???� ?????????�?�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,1 ?? 1,3 ?�


???µ???»?? ?????????????????? ???»?°???°???° ?????????°?‚?µ?»?µ?? ???°?±???‡???? ???±???µ?????? 1,1 ?? 1,3 ?»
Fig. 2.46. ???�???�?? ?????????????????? ???�?�???�???� ?????????�?�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,1 ?? 1,3 ?�


???µ???»?? ???‹???????????????? ???»?°???°???° ?????????°?‚?µ?»?µ?? ???°?±???‡???? ???±???µ?????? 1,5 ?? 1,6 ?»
Fig. 2.47. ???�???�?? ???�???????????????? ???�?�???�???� ?????????�?�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,5 ?? 1,6 ?�


???µ???»?? ?????????????????? ???»?°???°???° ?????????°?‚?µ?»?µ?? ???°?±???‡???? ???±???µ?????? 1,5 ?? 1,6 ?»
Fig. 2.48. ???�???�?? ?????????????????? ???�?�???�???� ?????????�?�?�?�?�?? ???�?�???�???? ???�???�?????? 1,5 ?? 1,6 ?�


???�???�?? ???�???�?????????? ???�???�?� ?????????�?????�?� ???�?�???�???? ???�???????� ???�?????�???�?????�?�?? ???�???�???? ???�?�???�???�. ?� ???�???�?�?� ???�???????� ???�?????�???�?????�?�?? ???�???�???? ?�?�???�?????�?� ?�?� ?? ?????????�???�?????�?� ???�???�?? ???�?�???�???� ???�???�?????�?�???????? ???�???????????? ???�?? ?�???�?�????, ???�?�???? ?�?� ?????�???�???�?????�?? ?�???�?�???�?????? ???????????� ???�?�???�?�?? ?�?�?????? ???�???�?� ?? ?�?� ?�?�???�???????????�?????�?? ???�?????????�?�?�?????? ???�?�???�?�?? ?�?�?????? ???�?�???�???�. ???????�?????????�?�???? ?�?�?????? ???�???�?� ???�?�???�?????? ???????�?�?�???� ???� ??????. 2.45 , 2.46 , 2.47 , 2.48 .
?�?�???�???� ???�???�?� ???�?�???�??????. ?????? ???�???????� ???�???�?� ???�?�???�???�, ?????�???�???�???�?�?? ?????�???�?�?????? ???????????�?????�??, ?????�?�???�?� ???�???�??, ???????? ?? ?????????�???? ?�???�?�?� ???????????????? ?�?�???�?? ???�?�?????? ???�???�?�.

NOTE
?????�?�???�?? ???�???�?? ???�???? ?????? ?????????�?�?????? ?�?�?????�???�?�?????�.

???????�?� ???????�???? ???�???�?� ???�???�?�???�?�???�?� ?????�?�???? ?????? ???�???�?? ???�?�???�???�?????? ???�?? ?�???�?�????.
???�?????�???�?� ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ?????????�?????? ???? 250 ?�?? ?? ?�?�?????�?????????�?� ?? ?????�?�???? ???�???�?? ???�?�???�???� ?????�?�???�?�?????????? ???�???????�???????? ???�?�???�???�.

NOTE
???�???�?? ???�?�???�???� ?????�?�???? ?????�?�?? ?????????�?�?????? ?�?�?????�???�?�??????.

???????�?� ?????�?�?????????? ???????????? ???�???�?� ???�???�?�???�?�???�?� ?�???? ???�?�???�???? ?�?�??????.

???‡?????‚???° ???»?°???°???° ???µ?‚?°?»?»???‡?µ???????? ?‰?µ?‚??????
Fig. 2.49. ???�?????�???� ???�?�???�???� ???�?�?�?�?�???�?�???????? ?�?�?�??????


???�?�???�???�. ?????�?�???�?� ?? ???�?�???�?????? ???�???�??, ???�?? ???????�?�?�???? ???� ??????. 2.49 .
?????????�?????�?�, ???� ???�?�???????????????�?? ?�?? ???�?�???�?�???? ???�?�???�???�, ?? ???�?????�???�?????� ?�???�?�???? ???� ?�?�???�?�???�. ?????????�?�???�?????�?? ???�?�???�?? ?�?�???�?????�?�.

Valve
Fig. 2.50. Valve


?????????�?????�?� ???�?�???�?? ???�?�???�?? ???� ???�?�???�???� ???�???????�, ?????????�?�???�?????? ?? ?????????�?�?�?????? ?????�???????? ?? ???�?�???�???? ???�?�???�???� ?? ???�?�?�???�?? ?� ( ??????. 2.50 ). ?????? ???�???�?�?????????????�?? ?????????�?????�?� ???�???????� ???�?? ?????�?????? ???�?�???�???? ???�?�???�???�. ?????�?�???�?� ???�???�?�???�???? ???�?? ???�?????? ???� ?�?????�?� ???�?�???�???? ???�?�???�???� ?? ???�?�?�???�?? ??, ?????? ???�???? ?????�?�???? ?????????�?�?????? ???????????�?�???????� ?????�???�?�???�???? ???�?�?�?�?�?�. ?????????�???�?????�?� ?�?�???�?� ???�?�???�???� ?�?�?????? ???�?�???�??????.
?�?�???�?????�?� ???�?�???�?? ?????? ?????�???????�?????? ?�???�?�?????� ?�???�???????????�?�???????? ?�?�???�?? ?????�???????? ???? ?????�???�?�?????? ???????????�?????????? ?�???�?�?�??????.
???????????�?�?????�?? ???�?????�?� ?????�???????? ?????????????????? ???�?�???�???�, ????:
1,3 ?�.....1,1
1,1 ?�.....0,8
1,5 ?�.....1,1
1,6 ?�.....1,1
???????????�?�?????�?? ???�?????�?� ?????�???????? ???�???????????????? ???�?�???�???�, ????:
1,3 ?�.....1,4
1,1 ?�.....1,2
1,5 ?�.....1,3
1,6 ?�.....1,3
?????�???�?�?????? ???????????�?????�?? ???�?????�?� ?????�???????? ?????????????�?� ???�?�???�??????, ????:
1,3 ?�.....0,8
1,1 ?�.....0,5
1,5 ?�.....0,8
1,6 ?�.....0,8
?????�???�?�?????? ???????????�?????�?? ???�?????�?� ?????�???????? ???�???????????�?� ???�?�???�??????, ????:
1,3 ?�.....1,1
1,1 ?�.....0,9
1,5 ?�.....1,0
1,6 ?�.....1,0

?????�?�?????????� ???�?�???�??????

NOTE
???�???�?? ???�?????????? ???�?????�???�?� ?????� ???�?�?�?�??.
???�???�?????�?� ?????�?????????� ???�???�?? ???� ?�?????�???�???? ?? ?????�?�?�???�???�???? ???�?�?�?�??.

?????�?�?????????�?� ???????????�?� ???�???�?� ???�?�???�?????�?� ???????�???? ?? ?�?�?????????? ?????�???�???? ?????�???�???� ???? ???????�?????� ?????????????????�?�?�?????? ???�?? ???�?????�???????????? ???�???�?????�???�?�?�?�?�?�?????�?� ?????�???�?�?????? ???�?????�?????????�?� ?????�???�?�???? ???� ???�?????�???�?????�???� ???�???�????.

???…?µ???° ?????‚?°?????????? ???°???»?????‚???°?¶?°?‚?µ?»?????????? ?????»???°?‡???°
Fig. 2.51. ???�?�???� ?????�?�?????????? ???�???�?????�???�?�?�?�?�?�?????????? ?????�???�?�???�: 1 ??� ???�???�?????�???�?�?�?�?�?�?????�?? ?????�???�?�????; 2 ??� ???????????�?? ?�?�???�?�???� ???????�?????�


?????????�???�?????� ?????????????????�?�?�?????? ???�?�?????�?�?????�?�?� ???�?????�???????????? ?????�???�?�?????? ?? ?????�?????? ?????�???�?�?????? ( ??????. 2.51 ). ???�?????�?????�?????�?? ???�?????�???????????� ???????????????� ?? ???�?�???????�?�???? ?? ???????�?�???�?????????�?�?�?? ?????�???�???????�?�?? ???????????? ?????�???�?�???� ?? ?????�?�?????�?????� ???�?????? ?? ???�?�?�???� ???�???�?� ?? ?�???�???????? ?�?�???�?� ???�?????�???�?????�???? ???�???�????. ???????�?????? ?????? ???�?????�???????????� ???�???�?�?????????? ???�?�?????�?? ?�?� ?�?�??, ?�?�???�?� ???� ?�?�?�?? ???�???�???????� ?????�???�?�???�. ???????�?�?� ???�???�?????�???�?�?�?�?�?�?????�?� ?????�???�?�???? ???????�???????????? ?????????�???�?????�?????? ???� ???????�?�?�?�?�.
?????�?�???�?� ???�?�???�???? ???�?�???�?????? ?????�???????�?? ???�???�????. ?�???�?�?????�?� ???�?�???�???� ?? ???�?????�???�?????�???� ???�???�????, ???� ???????�?�???�?? ???????�???? ???�?? ???????�???�???�?????? ???�?�???�???? ?�?�???�?� ???�???�?????�???�?�?�?�?�?�?????�?? ?????�???�?�????. ?????????�?????�?� ???�?�?????????�?? ???????�???�?�?????? ???�?�???�???� ???? ???�???�???�.
?????�?�?????????�?� ???�?�???�?????�?� ???????�?????� ?? ?�?�???�?�???? ???????�????. ???????�?????� ?????�?�???�???�?????�???�?� ?�?�??, ?�?�???�?� ???�?????????� ???????�?????� ?? ?????�?�?�???�?? ?????????�?�???�?? ?�?�?�?� ???�???�?�?�???� ?? ???�?????????? ?�?�???�?�????.
?????�?????�?� ???�?�???�???????? ???????�?????? ?????????????????�?�?�?????�?? ???�?? ???????�???? ?? ?????�?�?????????? ???�?�???�?????�?� ???????�????, ???�?�???? ?�?� ?�?�??, ?�?�???�?� ?????�?????? ?�?�???�?? ?�?�???�?�???? ???????�?????� ???� ???�?�???????????????�?�?� ???�???�?????�???�?�?�?�?�?�?????�?? ?????�???�?�????.
?????�?�?????????�?� ?????�?�???? ???�?�???�???�. ???????�?� ?????�?�?????????? ???�?�???�???� ?????????�?????�?� ?????�?????�?????????�?? ???????�?????? ?????�?�???�??.
???�?????�???�?� ?????????�?�???�???�?� ???????�???�???????�?? ?�?�?????� ?? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????.
?????????�?????�?� ???�???????????????? ?????????�?�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????.
?????�?�?????????�?� ?????????�?�?????? ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�???????????? ???�?????????????????? ?? ?????�???????� ?�?�?????�.
?????�?�?????????�?� ?????�???????? ?�?�?????� ?�???�????????????.




« previos page
The crankshaft and flywheel
next page »
The camshaft and its drive

Copyright © 2010 AutoManuals.biz. Trademarks belong to their respective owners. All rights reserved.