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 printable version
Technology services, tools and the workplace equipment
 | Marking a class of durability of bolts (top - standard / SAE / USS, bottom - metric) |
  | Marking a class of durability standard hex nuts |
  | Marking a class of durability of metric hex nuts |
 | Marking a class of durability of metric studs |
 | Dimensions / class, etc.-marking of the standard (SAE and USS) bolts
G Marking strength class
L Length (inches)
T Pitch (number of threads per inch)
D Nominal size (in inches) |
 | Dimensions / marking strength class of metric bolts
P Strength class
The length L (in mm)
T thread pitch (distance between adjacent turns in mm)
Nominal diameter D (in mm) |
Technology Services
There are several methods of performing the procedures of maintenance and repair of the car to which the reader will find references in the text of this manual. Follow the instructions provided will make the work of amateur mechanics more efficient, allows to best organize and efficiently execute various technical procedures and will be a guarantee of full length performance of all necessary work.
Fasteners
Clamps called nuts, bolts, screws and serving to interconnect two or more parts. When working with fixing should always be aware of some things. In almost any threaded fasteners used some form of X's and locking devices. It can be lock washers, lock nuts, lock boxes or special locking thread sealant. All fasteners used must be absolutely clean and direct, with an unbroken thread and not rounded corners hexagonal heads turnkey. It should make it a rule to compulsorily replace damaged fastener elements. Special self-locking nuts with nylon inserts or fibers can not be reused, since the giving of the X's are losing their properties and the assembly should always be replaced.
"Become attached" fixture to facilitate unscrewing and in order to avoid damage to the give is to be treated with a special penetrating composition. Many mechanics prefer to use for this purpose turpentine which is convenient to put out a special small canister with a long spout. After wetting fasteners penetrating composition should provide a means for a few minutes thoroughly impregnate the oxidised contact layer. Strongly rusted fixture can be cut down a chisel, hacksaw sawed or removed using a special gaykoloma.
When cutting the bolt head or breaking of the stud on the assembly of the threaded portion of the residue can be drilled out or extracted with a special extractor. Most garages can undertake performance of this, as well as others (eg, restoration of stripped threads in the threaded holes), repair procedures.
Flat and lock washers in the assembly must always be set in place in their original position. Damaged washers must be replaced without fail. Between a lock washer and a soft metal surface (such as aluminum), thin sheet metal or plastic the fixture should always be installed flat washers.
Dimensions of fasteners
For many reasons manufacturers of cars more and more widely used metric fasteners. However, it is important to know the difference between that (versatility) fasteners and fasteners used sometimes standard SAE (or American). Despite the similarity of external elements of these two types of fasteners are not interchangeable.
All screws as standard SAE, and metric are classified by diameter, thread pitch and length. For example, the SAE bolt 1 / 2-13 x 1 has a half-inch in diameter, 13 threads per inch and a length of 1 inch. Metric M12-1.75 x bolt 25 has a diameter of 12 mm, the thread pitch (distance between adjacent threads) 1.75 mm and a length of 25 mm. Both bolts are almost identical in appearance but are not interchangeable.
In addition to these features, as metric screws and bolts SAE standard can be identified by visual inspection of the head. For a start, the distance between the flats splines head metric bolt is measured in millimeters, while in the US - in inches (the same is true for nuts). As a consequence, wrench SAE standard is not suitable for use with metric fasteners, and vice versa. In addition, the heads of the bolts more SAE standard usually have radial notches defining the maximum admissible effort of a tightening bolt (degree of strength). The greater the number of notches, the higher the permissible force (commonly used on cars bolts strength class from 0 to 5). Strength class of metric bolts is defined by a numeric code. Code numbers are usually cast as the bolt head (on cars bolts commonly used classes 8.8, 9.8 and 10.9).
Also, labels strength class can be distinguished from the nuts of SAE metric. For identification standard strength class used nuts dot marks stamped on one of the end faces, while marking metric nuts produced by, again, a digital code. The greater the number of points / value of digital code, the higher the permissible force tightening the nut.
End faces of metric hairpins also are marked in accordance with the class of their strength. On large hairpin applied digital code, whereas smaller markings are in the form of geometric shapes.
It should be noted that a significant portion of the holder, in particular the class of strength from 0 to 2, generally not labeled. In this case, the only way to distinguish the American fixture on the metric is a measurement of the thread pitch, or comparing turns to turns to uniquely identify the element.
It should be remembered that under the SAE only small fixture gets. Larger items with non-metric threaded fasteners is the American standard (USS).
Since the hardware of the same geometrical size (both standard and metric) can be different strength classes, the replacement of bolts, nuts and studs should pay particular attention to compliance with the strength class installed new elements removed for strength class.
The methodology and procedure for tightening threaded joints
Tightening most of threaded connections should be made with the efforts defined by requirements of Specifications, cited at the beginning of each chapter of this Guide (under the effort of a tightening of fixture to be understood is applied thereto torque). Tightening with excessive force can disrupt the integrity of the fixture, while nedotyagivanie it leads to insecurity joint mating components. Bolts, screws and pins, depending on the material from which they are made, and the diameter of the threaded portion, typically have well-defined allowable tightening efforts, many of which, as mentioned above, are shown in Specifications at the beginning of each chapter. Strictly adhere to the recommendations given by the efforts of a tightening of fasteners used on the car. To tighten the fasteners are not mentioned in the specification, you should use the map below allowable torque. Values in the table are focused on fixture strength classes 2 and 3 (fixing a higher class permits tightening with great effort), in addition, it is understood that the produced tightening dry (with unlubricated thread) fasteners screwed into a steel or cast (not aluminum) detail .
Dimensions of metric threads
M6 | 9 -12 N ??? m | M8 | 19 - 28 N ??? m | M10 | 38 - 54 N ??? m | | M12 | 68 - 96 N ??? m | | M14 | 109 - 154 N ??? m |
Dimensions pipe threads
18 | 7 to 10 N ??? m | 14 | 17 - 24 N ??? m | 3/8 | 30 - 44 N ??? m | | 12 | 34 - 47 N ??? m |
Thread size American standard
| 1/4 - 20 | 9 - 12 N ??? m | | 5/16 - 18 | 17 - 24 N ??? m | | 5/16 - 24 | 19 - 27 N ??? m | | 3/8 - 16 | 30 - 43 N ??? m | | 3/8 - 24 | 37 - 51 N ??? m | | 7/16 - 24 | 55 - 74 N ??? m | | 7/16 - 20 | 55 - 81 N ??? m | | 1/2 - 13 | 75 - 108 N ??? m |
Located on the perimeter of a component hardware (such as the cylinder head bolts, oil pan and various covers) to prevent deformation of the details should be given and be tightened in the correct order. The procedure and the tightening of giving this fixture is shown in the relevant chapter of the Manual. If the special order is not stipulated, in order to avoid the curvature component should follow the instructions below.
In the first stage all bolts / nuts must be tightened by hand. Further, each of the fastener elements on the queue reaches for one full turn, the transition from one bolt / nut to another should be done in a diagonal order (cross-wise). Then, returning to the first element, repeat the procedure in the same order, tightening fixture for another half-turn. Continue with this procedure, holding out each element is now a quarter turn in one go as long as they will not appear tightened with demanded effort. At the giving of fasteners should act in a similar manner, but in reverse order.
Dismantling components
Dismantling of all components must be carried out in such a manner that every detail of the installation can be installed in its original location and in the right way. Try to remember specific external features of the assembly, if necessary, to produce marked landing parts which are installed in place can be performed properly mixed (e.g., thrust washer groove fitted on the shaft, and the like). A good idea would be to place the removed parts on a clean work surface in the order in which they performed the removal. It will be useful also to compose simple schematic sketches or step by step photographs parsed component.
When you try to make the giving of fixing marking its original position on the assembly. Frequently, the installation of fasteners and washers into place immediately after the respective parts to avoid confusion in the assembly. In the absence of such a possibility, all fixture should be put in a specially prepared for this purpose broken into sections and properly marked box, or just for individual-marked box. This approach is particularly useful when working with components composed of many small parts such as carburetor, alternator, valve mechanism, the instrument panel or decorative trim elements.
When disconnecting the electrical contacts and connectors should pay attention to the labeling of wires or harnesses with adhesive tape coated with a numeric or alphanumeric code.
The intermediate surface
All vehicles gaskets used to seal the mating surfaces of the junction of two or more items, and serve to prevent leakage of working oil and other fluids within the assembly and maintaining pressure / vacuum.
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 | ?�???�?? ?�?�?? ?�???�???????�???�?? ???�?????????????�?? ???????�?�?????? ???????????�???????????????�?????? ?????�?????�?�, ???? ?? ?????�?? ???�???�?�?� ???� ???�?????�???????????�?� ???� ?????????????�???�???? ???????�?�???� ???????�?????� ???�?�?????? ???? ?�?�?� ??????, ???????� ?�???�???� ???� ?�?????�?� ???�?�?????�?�?? ???� ???�?�???�???? ?�?�?�???�???�???�?????�?????? ?????�?�???�?�?????�???? ???? ???????�?�???�?? ???????????�???????????????�?????? ?????�?????�?�. |
Precautions that should be observed when removing the hose, very close to the measures imposed during removal pads. Do not damage the surfaces of fittings and pipes, which stretched the ends of the hose, as this may cause the development of leaks. In particular as the last requirement refers to the procedure of removing the radiator hoses. Due to take place in the path of the cooling system of various chemical reactions often occur "from sticking" rubber hose to the surfaces of pipes and fittings. To remove the hose first loosen the collar of its fastening it. Then grab the tongs near the hose clamp and start to rotate it on the nipple / pipe connecting the right and left. Continue to operate in the manner described to the complete liberation of the hose, then remove the hose from the union. A small amount of silicone or other lubricant introduced into the gap between the nipple and the hose will save power. Before installation, lubricate the hose adjacent to the end of its inner surface and an outer surface of the nozzle with a solution of soapy water or a small amount of silicone lubricant.
As a last resort, or in the case of an unambiguous need to replace the hose with a new one put on at the end of the hose nipple can be cut with a knife, and then separated from the surface of the nozzle. At the same time careful not to damage the metal blade nozzle / hose nipple.
In the event of damage to the hose clamp, replace it with a new one. Clamps of the pitch type generally weaken over time, however, regardless of the state, it is better to replace more practical screw or worm.
Tool
Selection of high-quality tools is one of the fundamental requirements for everyone who plans independent performance of procedures of maintenance or repair of the vehicle. At first glance, the costs associated with the acquisition of the required set of tools may appear disproportionately large, but when comparing them with the costs associated with the implementation of procedures of routine maintenance and simple repairs to the car at the service station, will appear quite reasonable.
In order to systematize the approach to the selection required in the repair and maintenance of car tools below are three lists of tools conditionally entitled as: "A set of tools for routine maintenance and minimal repair"; "A set of tools for general and major repairs"; and "Special Tools". Car owners who have no practical experience of mechanical work must begin with the procedures, the limited use of tools from the first list, while improving the qualification and gradually expanding the range of its activities. As you gain skills, you can go to perform more complex tasks, gradually adding to the range of tools available on the hands. After some time, the experience gained will enable move to more complex tasks that require the use of tools from the second list (for the general and car major repairs). When qualified artist to reach a high enough level and will allow significant savings to the independent performance of difficult repair procedures, you can consider buying a special tool.
A set of tools for routine maintenance and the minimum car repairs
The following list includes the minimum units of the tools necessary to perform the procedures of routine maintenance and minor repairs of the car. Composers of the present Management recommend to start with a set of combination wrenches (with usual Rozhkova head at one end and a swivel on the other). Despite the increased cost of this kit compared to the cost of conventional open-end wrench set, the costs will be justified, as such keys have the advantages of both types.
?� Set combined keys from 8 to 19 mm
?� Adjustable wrench (35 mm)
?� Candle key with a rubber insert (petrol models)
?� A tool to adjust the clearance of plugs (petrol models)
?� A set of test leads
?� Barbed key to pumping the brakes
Screwdrivers:
?� A flathead screwdriver (100 mm long by 6 mm in diameter)
?� Phillips screwdriver (100 mm long by 6 mm in diameter)
?� Combination pliers
?� Hacksaw with a set of paintings
?� The pump for pumping of tires
?� Pressure gauge to measure tire pressure
?� Grease gun (gun)
?� Canister under oil
?� Fine sandpaper
?� Wire brush
?� Stripper terminals and contacts wires of the battery
?� The key is to remove the oil filter
?� The funnel (medium size)
?� Props for car fixing in the raised position (2)
?� Drain capacity
 | If routine maintenance procedures include carrying out basic adjustments also need to purchase quality stroboscope and the combined tachometer / tool for measuring the duration of the closed condition of contacts of the breaker. Despite the fact that these tools are in the list of special tools, mention of them is given here since the absolute necessity for their application adjust an ignition engine, part of procedures of routine maintenance of the vehicle. |
A set of tools for general and major repairs of the car
This instrument is absolutely necessary when carrying out any operations to repair a car engine and is offered in addition to the first list. At present, the list includes a full set of interchangeable sockets. At considerable cost, a set of replaceable heads brings invaluable advantage, thanks to its versatility and ease of use, especially in conjunction with the attached drives of different types. It is recommended to prefer drives section 1/2 (instead of 3/8) as They, though, and are more expensive, can be used with virtually any type torque wrenches (ideally, a good mechanic should have at its disposal both types of drives). A cheaper alternative set of replaceable face heads is the set of tubular keys.
?� Set replaceable face heads (including type heads "TORH") (or tubular keys), sizes corresponding to the sizes of wrenches from the previous list
?� Reversible ratchet drive (for use with replaceable face heads)
?� Gate 250 mm
PTO drive (for use with replaceable face heads)
?� Torque wrench (with a drive of the same size, as for replaceable face heads)
?� Self-locking pliers
?� Hammer with round brisk (about 230 g)
?� Hammer with soft brisk (plastic or rubber)
Screwdrivers:
?� C flat blade (150 mm in length and about 6.5 mm in diameter)
?� With a flat sting (strong ?�� 2, 8 mm)
Phillips screwdriver (number 3 x 8 inches (203 mm))
?� Phillips screwdriver (a strong number 2)
?� Clamping tongs
?� Pliers:
For electricians (with the isolated handles)
?� Old World (needlenose)
?� To lock rings (internal and external)
Chisel ?� 25mm
?� Scraper (made of flattened and sharpened at one end of the copper tube)
?� Scriber (scriber)
?� Kerner
?� Beards with a thin tip (1.6, 3.2, 4.8 mm)
?� Set hose clamps
?� Set for pumping the brakes
?� Set drills
?� Steel ruler / measuring flatness
?� Set the bar-shaped hex key (Allen) (for heads with hexagon socket)
?� A set of files
?� Wire brush (large)
?� The second set of backups
?� Jack (hydraulic or scissor)
?� Carrying the closed shade
| Another tool is the constant need for electric drill with a cartridge to 9.5 mm and a set of good quality drills. |
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?????????�????-???�?�?�???????? ?????????� ?�?�?�?? ?????�???�???�?�???� ???�???????�?????? ?????�???�???�?�???????� ???????�?�???? ?? ???�?�???� ?????????�???�?�?�?????? ???????�???????�???�?�, ???�???�?�?????????????? ???�?? ???�?????�???�?????? ???????�?�?????? ???�???�???�?????�?????? ?? ???�???????�?� ?�???�???????�???�??. In preparing for the procedures of routine maintenance or the minimum car repairs reasonable to acquire tools separately. ?? ???????????? ???�?????????�, ?? ???�???�?�?� ???�?�???????????�?????? ?�???�?�?� ???????????????�?????�?�?�???�?� ???�?�???�, ???????�?� ?? ???�???�?�???�?� ?????????�?? ?????????�?�???� ?????????�???�?????????? ???????�???????�???�?� ?? ???�???�?�?????� ?????�?????�?????? ???�?�??. ?????????�???�?�?�?????� ?????????�?�???�?� ???�?�?�???? ???�?�???????�???? ???�???????�?????? ???�???�???�?� ?????????????????�?�?????�?� ?????????????? ?? ?�?�???�?? ???????????????�???�?�?�???? ???????�???�?�?????�?? ?? ?????????�?�???� ???????�???????�???�?�?�?????????? ???�?????�. ?� ???�?�?????�?????�??, ???�?? ???�?????????�?????? ?�?????????�?????�???�?�, ?????????� ?�?�?�?? ???????????�?�???� ???�???�?�?????�?� ???????�???????�???�?�, ?????????�?????�?�?�?????�?� ?????????�?�???�?� ?? ???????�???????�???�?�?�?????�?? ???�???? ?�???�?????�???? ???�?�???�???�. The gradual expansion of the tool kit will allow to stretch expenses and to be defined in a choice of really necessary tools.
?????�?�???�?�???�?????????�?????�?� ???????�???????�???�?�?�?????�?� ???�???�?�?????� ?????�?????�???? ?�?????????�???�?????�?? ?????�???�?????????? ?????????�???�?�?�?????? ???�?????�?????�?� ?????�?�???�?�?????�?� ???????�???????�???�????. ?�???� ?�?�???????????????�?? ???� ???�?�?????� ?????�???�???????�, ???�?�?�???�???�?� ???�???�???�?� ??????????????, ?? ???????�?�?????????�?? ?????? ???�?�?????� ???�???�???�???? ?? ?????�?????�?� ?�?????�?�???�?� ?????�????????, ?�?�?? ???�?? ???????? ???� ???�???�?�?� ???�???�?????????� ?????�?�?�?�???? ???�???????????�?�???�?�?�?????�??. ?�?�?�???�?�?�, ???????�?�?????�?� ?? ?�?�???�?????? ?? ?????????�?�???????�?�?????�?? ???�???�???????? ???????�???????�???�?�, ?? ???�?�???�???�?�?�?� ?????�?�???�???? ???�?????�?????????? ?�???�?�?� ?�???�?�???�?�?�?????�????, ?�?�?? ?�?�?�???�?�?� ???� ?????????????�?�?????� ?????????�???�?�?�?????� ???�?�?�???�???�?????????? ?�?????�???�.
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A good tool is a valuable investment, it is reasonable to make sure to keep it clean and constant readiness to work. ???????�?� ?????�???�?????�?????? ???????�???????�???�????, ???�???�?? ?????�?�???�???�?????�?? ?? ???�???�?? ?�???�???�??????, ?????�?????� ?�?�?�?�?�?�?????? ???????�?????�???�?� ?�???? ???????�???�???????�?? ?�?????�???? ?????�???? ???�?�????????, ?????�?�???? ???�?�???� ???????�??, ?????�?�???? ?? ?????�?�?�???? ???�?�?�?�?�???�?�???????� ?�?�???�???�. ?????????????� ???� ?????�?�???�?????�?� ???????�???????�???� ???�?�?�???????�?????�??. Upon completion of the space carefully check under the hood and under the vehicle for the presence of the forgotten tool.
?�?�?? ?�???�???�?????? ?�?�???????? ???????�???????�???�?�, ???�?? ???�???�???�????, ???�?????????????�?�?�, ?????�???�???? ?? ?�.??., ?????�?�?�?????? ???????�???????� ???????�???????�???�?�?�?????�?? ?????�?�?�?????�, ?�?�?????�???�?�?????�?? ?? ???????�?????? ???�???�?� ???� ???�?�???� ???�???�?�?�. Sets of wrenches and replaceable face heads should be stored in metal boxes. ?????�?�???�?????????�?? ???�???�?????�?�?�?????�?? ???????�???????�???� ?????�?�?�?? ?�???�?????�?????? ?? ???�???????�???????�?� ?????�???�?????�?????? ???????????�????, ?????�???� ?? ?�?????�?�?� ???�???�?�?�.
?�???�?????� ???�?�?????�?� ?????�?�???�?? ?????????�?????� ???????�?????????? ???�?�???�?�?? ???????�???�???????�?? ???????�???????�???�?�. ?????�?????�?? ?�?�???�?? ?�???????� ?????�???�???� ?? ???????�?�?????� ?????????�???�?????�?????? ?????????�???�?�???� ???�?????�?�???�???�??????, ???�???�???�???? ???? ?????�???�???�?? ?�?�???????� ?�?�?�???�???? ?????????� ?�?�?�. Do not be stingy to pay a little bit of time and attention to the fact that with sandpaper or a file to remove rasklepy and tidy cutting edges. ???�???�???�?�?????? ???�???????�?????�?? ???�?? ?????????�?�???�?????�?? ???????�???????�???� ???????�?????�???�?????? ?�?�???�???????�?�.
?????? ?�?�?�?�?�?�???????? ???�?????� ???????�???????�???� ???????????�?�?? ?????????�???�???�?? ???�?????? ?? ?????�???????? ?? ?�?�?�?�?????� ???�?�???? ???�???�?�?�?????????? ?????????�.
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Talking about the instrument, one can not forget about the equipment of the workplace. ?�???�?? ?????�?????�?????� ?????????�???�?????� ?�???�?�?� ???�?????�?�?????? ???�?�???�?�, ?�?�?? ?????????�???� ?�?�?�?????�?�???????� ???�???�???�?????�?????� ?�???�???????????�???????? ?????�?????�???�, ???�?�?????�?� ?????�?�?�???�???�?????? ?? ???????????�???????� ???????�???????�?�?? ???�?�???�?�?? ???�???�?�??????.
???????�???????�???? ???????�???�?�??, ?�?�?? ???????????� ?�???�???�???�???�?�?�?? ???�?????�???�???� ?????????�?????????�?? ???�???????�?�?� ?????????�?�?�?�?? ?? ???????????� ?????????�???�?� ???�?�???�?� ???�?�?�???? ???� ?? ?????�?????????� ???�???�?�?� ???�?? ???�???�?�??????????. ???????�???? ?? ?�???�???? ???�???�?�?� ???�?�???�?? ?�???�?�?????�?????�?? ?????�???�?�???? ???�?�???�???� ?????�???? ???�?? ?�?�???�?�.
???? ?????�?????�???????�??, ?�???�?�?� ???????�?�???????� ???? ???�?�?�???????� ?�?�???�?�?? ???????�?�?? ?�???�???????�???�?? ?????�?�???� ?????????�?????????�?????? ???� ?�?????�???? ???�?????�?�???� ?? ???????????? ???�?�???�?�?? ???????�???�???????�????, ???�?? ???????�?????? ???�???�?� ???????�?????? ???�?????�?�. ?�?�?????�?�?? ???�???�?�?�?�?�?????? ?????�?�?�?? ?�?�?�?? ???�?????????????�?? ?�???????�???? ?? ???�???????�?�???�?? ?????�???? ???? 100 ???? ?? ?? ?????????????? ???�???�?�?????�???? ???� ?????�????.
As mentioned above, on the job site must be equipped with a clean, dry place to store tools, lubricants and cleaning fluids, putty, paints, etc.
It should be noted that absolutely necessary tool is electric, therefore the platform must be equipped with a power supply for its connection. The presence of a drill with a cartridge to 9.5 mm and a set of qualitative drills appreciably will facilitate carrying out of many procedures.
???�???????�?�, ???� ???�?�???�?�?? ???�???�?� ?????�?????� ?????�?�?�?? ?????�?�?????? ???????�?�?�???�???�?? ?�?�???�?? ???�?�???�?� ???�?�?�?� ?? ?�?????�????, ???� ???????????�?�?????? ???�?�??????, ?????�?????�?�???�?�?�?????�?? ???�?? ???�?????� ???????�???�?�?� ?�???????????�?�?? ?? ???????�???????? ???�?�???�?�?? ???�???�?�??????, ???????�???????�???�?� ?? ???�?�?�?�?�?? ?�???�???????�???�??.
???�???�?�???�?�?????�?� ???�?�???�???� ?�???????????�?? ???�?�?????�?� ?????�???�?�?? ?? ?�?�???�???� ???? ???�???�???�?�?�???? ?? ???�?????�?�???�?????? ?�?�???�.
?????????????� ???� ?????????�?????????�?� ???????�?????� ???�?�???�?� ???� ???�???????????�?�???? ???????�???�???????? ???????�???�???????�?? ?????�???????�?� ???�???�?�?�?? ?�???�???????�???�??, ?????�???�?????�?�???? ?�?�?�???�???�???? ???�???�?�?????�???? ???� ?????�?�????, ???�??, ???� ?�???????? ???????�?�, ?????????�???�???�?� ?????�?????????�?????�?� ???????�???�???????�?? ???�?�???�???? ?????�???�?�????.
 | Micrometer with a set of nozzles |
 | Dial meter with a set of clamps and attachments |
 | Dial / vernier caliper |
 | Vacuum pump with a manual drive |
 | Strobe |
 | Meter compression with a nozzle for use in spark plug holes |
 | Puller to remove the damper / steering wheel |
 | General purpose puller |
 | The tool for removal of hydraulic pushers |
 | Tool for compressing valve springs |
 | Countersink for removal of step deterioration in the cylinder |
 | Device for cleaning the piston ring grooves |
 | The tool for removal / installation of piston rings |
 | Tool for crimping piston rings |
 | Hon for processing of mirrors of cylinders |
 | Tool for removing the cup guide springs brake shoes |
 | Hon for processing brake cylinders |
 | Tool for centering clutch |
 | Set of taps and button dies |
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